VIP（Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide）

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily, functioning as a ligand for class II G protein-coupled receptors. It is widely expressed in vertebrates, including the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and endocrine organs, with roles in vasodilation, immune modulation, and metabolic regulation. VIP is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. The compound has a short plasma half-life (~2 minutes), limiting its therapeutic applications unless stabilized via chemical modifications.

VIP binds to the receptors VPAC1, VPAC2 and with less sensitivity to PAC1, which trigger a G-alpha-mediated signalling cascade, eventually activating adenyl cyclase leading to increases in cAMP and PKA. The PKA then activates other intracellular signaling pathways like the phosphorylation of CREB and other transcriptional factors. VIP causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, stimulates myocardial contractility, increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. It is an antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory peptide, acting by inhibiting phagocytic activity, free radical production, adherence and migration of macrophages.

• Inflammation and Immunology: Investigated for its ability to downregulate proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) and upregulate anti-inflammatory IL-10. VIP has potent anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of respiratory distress, acute lung injury and inflammation.
• Metabolic Regulation: Studied for enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, offering adjunct benefits for patients on GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy. Preclinical data suggest VIP modulates glycogenolysis and lipid metabolism.
• Osteoprotective Effects: Demonstrated osteoprotective effects by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblast differentiation.
• Chondrogenesis and Osteoarthritis: Investigated for promoting chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects.
• Neuroprotection and Neurotransmission: Studied for its role in neurotransmission and neurotrophism, as well as neuroprotective effects.
• Respiratory and Pulmonary Research: VIP has been used in clinical trials for sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma/allergy, and pulmonary hypertension. It provides rapid respiratory failure reduction in clinically ill patients with COVID-19.
• Cancer Research: Identified as a potentially bioactive agent for cancer-related diseases.

CAS Number: 40077-57-4
Molecular Formula: C₁₄₇H₂₃₈N₄₄O₄₂S
Molecular Weight: 3,325.8 g/mol
Sequence: His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH₂
Purity: ≥ 99%
Form: Lyophilized powder
Storage: Store at ≤ -20°C in a cool, dry place, protected from light and moisture
Solubility: Soluble in sterile water; prepare working solutions per laboratory protocol